Clinical profile and risk factors of enuresis in children
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20200568Keywords:
Enuresis, Monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis, Non-monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis, Risk factorsAbstract
Background: Enuresis is a common problem in children and its incidence is multifactorial in nature. The aim of this study is to assess the etiological risk-factors in enuresis in the study population and also to compare the risk factors in enuresis subgroups.
Methods: A total of 51 patients with enuresis presenting to the department of paediatrics, Institute of Social Paediatrics, Govt. Stanley Hospital, Chennai were included in the study. All children were sub classified as primary/secondary and the primary enuretics were sub classified into monosymptomatic/non monosymptomatic depending on the symptoms. The data was analyzed and the results presented.
Results: Enuresis was common in boys. Statistically significant difference in the incidence of disorder between primary and secondary enuretic children was seen in relation to presence of storage symptoms (p=0.04), cystitis (p=0.013) sleep disordered breathing (p=0.0001) and low-income status (p=0.04). No statistically significant difference between into monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE) and non-monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (NMNE) children was observed in terms of gender, difficulty in arousal, specific gravity, spina bifida, low bladder capacity and family history (p>0.05).
Conclusions: The findings of the study reported that risk factors related to the incidence is similar in both primary and secondary enuresis. MNE and NMNE have no differences in the presentation and probably represent the spectrum of a same disorder.
References
Enuresis in Children. Available at: https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/enuresis. Accessed 10 December 2019.
Rushton HG. Nocturnal enuresis: Epidemiology, evaluation and currently available treatment options. J Pediatr. 1989;114:691-6.
Forsythe WI, Redmond A. Enuresis and spontaneous cure rate: Study of 1129 enuretics. Arch Dis Child. 1974;49:259-63.
Hjalmas K. Nocturnal enuresis: basic facts and new horizons. Eur Urol. 1998;33(3):53-7.
Lackgren G, Hjalmas K, van Gool J, von Gontard A, de Gennaro M, Lottmann H, et al. Nocturnal enuresis: a suggestion for a European treatment strategy. Acta Paediatr. 1999;88:679-90.
Sakakibara R, Hattori T, Uchiyama T, Kamura K, Yamanishi T. Uroneurological assessment of spinabifida cystica and occulta. Neurourol Urodyn. 2003;22(4):328-34.
Chang P, Chen WJ, Tsai WY, Chiu YN. An epidemiological study of nocturnal enuresis in Taiwanese children. BJU Int. 2001;87(7):678-81.
Hazza I, Tarawneh H. Primary nocturnal enuresis among school children in Jordan. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2002;13(4):478-80.
Kanaheswari Y. Epidemiology of children nocturnal enuresis in Malaysia. J Paediatr Child Health. 2003;39(2):118-23.
Austin PF, Bauer SB, Bower W, Chase J, Franco I, Hoebeke P, et al. The standardization of terminology of lower tract function in children and adolescent: Update report from the Standardization Committee of the International Children's Continence Society. J Urol. 2014;191(6):1863-5.
Kajiwara M, Inoue K, Kato M, Usui A, Kurihara M, Usui T. Nocturnal enuresis and overactive bladder in children: An epidemiological study. 2006;13(1):36-41.
Robson WL, Leung AK, Van Howe R. Primary and secondary nocturnal enuresis: similarities in presentation. Pediatrics. 2005;115(4):956-9.
Hellstrom AL, Hanson E, Hansson S, Hjalmas K, Jodal U. Micturition habits and incontinence in 7‐year‐old Swedish school entrants. Eur J Pediatr. 1990;149:434-7.
Naseri M, Hiradfar M. Monosymptomatic and non-monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: A clinical evaluation. Arch Iran Med 2012;15(11):702-706.
Ozden C, Ozdal OL, Altinova S, Oguzulgen I, Urgancioglu G, Memi A. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Enuresis in Turkish Children. International Braz J Urol. 2007;33(2):216-22.
IduoriyekemwenI NJ, NwaneriII DU. Characteristic of monosymptomatic and non-monosymptomatic childhood nocturnal enuresis in Benin City, Nigeria. S Afr J Child Health. 2016;10(3):181-5.
Kumar P, Aneja S, Kumar R, Taluja V. Spina bifida occulta in functional enuresis. Indian J Pediatr. 2005;72:223-5.
Ritvo ER, Ornitz EM, Gottlieb F, Poussaint AF, Maron BJ, Ditman KS, et al. Arousal and non arousal events in enuresis. Am J Psychiatry. 1969;126:77-84.
De Sousa A, Kapoor H, Jagtap J, Sen M. Prevalence and factors affecting enuresis amongst primary school children. Indian J Urol. 2007;23(4):354–7.
Tekgul S, Jm Nijman R, Hoebeke P, Canning D, Bower W, Von Gontard A. Diagnosis and Management of Urinary Incontinence in Childhood. Available at: https://www.ics.org/Publications/ICI_4/files-book/Comite-9.pdf. Accessed 10 November 2019.
