International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics

Cognitive development in children: a pivotal ladder towards successful maturation – an overview

Debadrita Ghosh, Chitrita Gupta Mukherjee — Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

This paper depicts an overview by correlating Piaget's theory of ‘cognitive development’ with several ‘psychological’ perspectives of development during the various stages of life; with the onset, beginning, right from birth extending upto late adolescence. Chiefly, the far- improved, imaginary, magnificently integrated nature of mental representations, with its broad levels of development and maturation; associated with the humans during this tenure can be well appreciated. The ‘cognitive model’ as described by Jean Piaget also demonstrates a strong connection with the subsequent behavior management techniques in children. Piaget theorized that children's knowledge about reality is realized by ‘touching’ and ‘observing’; he termed this phenomenon as ‘constructivism’. Though, through the massive evolution of time, the ‘theory of cognition’ has suffered a waning of influence, because of it’s gross list of short-comings and drawbacks, yet it remains one of the most sought-after concepts, even to this day, because of its impeccable contributions to the arena of both physical and mental maturation.

Double volume exchange transfusion in neonates with severe jaundice in the era of light emitting diode phototherapy

Monalisa Pradhan, Anjali Sharma, Nalini Aswathaman, P. Sriram — Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Neonatal jaundice, though a common clinical condition, severe hyperbilirubinemia necessitating exchange transfusion remains a concern due to acute bilirubin encephalopathy and long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae. Exchange transfusion has drastically reduced after Light emitting diode-intensive phototherapy. This study analyzed the clinico-etiological profile of jaundiced neonates who underwent double-volume exchange transfusion in a tertiary care center. This hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on neonates who underwent exchange transfusion from May to October 2024 over six months. Data obtained by structured proforma was analyzed with descriptive statistics. Among 9 neonates who had double volume exchange transfusion, 7 were boys and 5 were outborn. Their mean gestational age was 37.1 weeks and birth weight ranged from 1350 to 3720 gm. The etiologies identified include Rh incompatibility (1 case), prematurity (1 case), unknown (4 case) and 3 cases with multiple etiology (one with G6PD deficiency, OB incompatibility and Gilbert syndrome, one baby with G6PD deficiency and OB incompatibility, another baby with late onset neonatal sepsis with G6PD deficiency). Their peak serum bilirubin levels ranged from 19 to 45 mg/dl. Two neonates required multiple exchange transfusions. Post-exchange transfusion, 5 neonates had thrombocytopenia. Maximum modified bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction score was 10/12 in one neonate with G6PD deficiency and OB incompatibility. This study reemphasizes severe neonatal jaundice requiring exchange transfusion still exists. We recommend community-level implementation of mandatory routine screening, early identification, and timely referral for neonatal jaundice by ASHA workers.

A viral trigger for a metabolic crisis: parainfluenza induced decompensation in a child with glycogen storage disease type III and complex congenital heart disease

Haniya Pottanam Chalil — Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Glycogen storage disease type III (GSD III) also known as Cori’s disease is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by the deficiency of glycogen debranching enzyme (amylo-1,6-glucosidase), leading to hepatomegaly, hypoglycemia, ketosis, and variable cardiac involvement. Intercurrent infections may precipitate metabolic decompensation, particularly in young children. This case report describes a 21-month-old baby boy, known case of GSD III with complex congenital heart disease who presented with fever and respiratory symptoms secondary to parainfluenza infection, complicated by metabolic acidosis, ketosis, electrolyte imbalance and liver enzyme derangement. Prompt recognition and early initiation of dextrose containing fluids prevented further deterioration. This case highlights the importance of early metabolic support during acute illness in children with GSD III, especially in those with coexisting cardiac disease.

Brucellosis presenting as prolonged fever of unknown origin in a two-year-old child: a diagnostic challenge

Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease with diverse clinical manifestations and is an uncommon but important cause of prolonged fever in children. Diagnosis may be delayed due to nonspecific symptoms, limited exposure history, and variable serologic findings. This report describes a two-year-old patient who experienced 17 days of recurrent fever associated with fatigue, myalgia, and diarrhea following a horse-related injury two months earlier. Extensive evaluation demonstrated elevated inflammatory markers, thrombocytosis, cervical lymphadenopathy, and hepatic lesions, but the etiology was unrevealing. A thorough exposure history prompted targeted zoonotic testing, which identified Brucella-positive IgM in the absence of detectable IgG, consistent with an acute Brucella infection in the appropriate clinical context. This case highlights the importance of detailed exposure history and consideration of brucellosis in the differential diagnosis of pediatric fever of unknown origin (FUO), even in the absence of classic presentation.

Unmasking the unexpected: a rare case report of B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Jyoti Ahuja, Vivek Arora — Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a neoplastic proliferation of immature hematopoietic cells, commonly presenting with anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, or hepatosplenomegaly. Paraplegia as the initial manifestation is extremely rare. We report a 6-year-old girl presenting with backache and sudden paraplegia. MRI revealed a thoracic epidural mass (D1-D6). Tumor excision and laminectomy were performed, and histopathology confirmed B-cell ALL. This case highlights the importance of considering leukemia in children with acute spinal cord compression.

Tracheal bronchus in a pediatric patient: a rare cause of recurrent lobar pneumonia

Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Tracheal bronchus is a rare congenital anomaly involving an aberrant bronchus arising directly from the trachea, often supplying the right upper lobe. Although asymptomatic, it can contribute to recurrent pulmonary infections. We present a case of a 4-year-old female with multiple episodes of right upper lobe pneumonia who was ultimately diagnosed with tracheal bronchus via CT imaging. The case underscores the importance of considering structural airway anomalies in pediatric patients with recurrent, localized pneumonia.

Chylolymphatic mesenteric cysts in early infancy: case reports and literature review

Swetha E. Soni, Vibhu Sharma, Shital N. Bhaisare, Mayur S. Soni — Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Chylolymphatic mesenteric cysts are an uncommon entity in infancy and represent a rare but important cause of intestinal obstruction. We report two infant cases, one arising from the jejunal mesentery and the other from the ileal mesentery, both presenting with progressive abdominal distension and recurrent vomiting. Ultrasonography and intraoperative findings suggested mesenteric cystic lesions causing bowel obstruction. Complete surgical excision of the cysts with resection of the involved bowel segments and primary anastomosis was performed in both cases. The postoperative course was uneventful, and both infants recovered well without recurrence. Early recognition and complete excision are crucial to prevent complications and ensure excellent surgical outcomes.

Atypical presentation of Henoch–Schönlein purpura in a paediatric patient initially presenting as gastroenteritis and lymphadenopathy

Arnav Dubey, Amandeep, Jatinder Singh — Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) is the most common small-vessel vasculitis in children and is classically characterized by palpable purpura, arthritis, and gastrointestinal involvement. However, atypical or temporally delayed presentations may lead to diagnostic uncertainty. We report the case of a 6-year-old girl who initially presented with epigastric pain, high-grade fever, and abdominal lymphadenopathy suggestive of gastroenteritis. After initial improvement and discharge, she re-presented with knee arthritis, persistent fever, and subsequently developed palpable purpura. Septic arthritis was excluded, and skin biopsy findings were consistent with vasculitis, confirming the diagnosis of HSP. Treatment with corticosteroids led to rapid clinical improvement. This case highlights the importance of reassessment and clinical vigilance in children with evolving multi system symptoms.

Unmasking Guion-Almeida syndrome: clinical and genetic insights from a 3-year-old with EFTUD2 mutation

Linda Jacob, Jewel M. George, Carol S. Cherian, Jacob Abraham — Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Guion-Almeida–type mandibulofacial dysostosis is an uncommon craniofacial syndrome arising from EFTUD2 mutations. Because its clinical phenotype overlaps significantly with other forms of mandibulofacial dysostosis, genetic testing is often required to secure a definitive diagnosis. Herein this report describes a 3 year 5-month-old male child who exhibited characteristic craniofacial dysmorphism, a surgically corrected cleft palate, speech delay, recurrent respiratory tract infections, and bilateral conductive hearing loss. His growth indices were persistently below −3 SD. Whole-exome sequencing identified a heterozygous pathogenic EFTUD2 variant, thereby confirming the diagnosis of MFDGA. The child received supportive respiratory management, nutritional rehabilitation, and continued speech and hearing therapy. Follow-up evaluation demonstrated spontaneous closure of a previously noted muscular ventricular septal defect. Ongoing multidisciplinary care was recommended to comprehensively address craniofacial, developmental, and systemic concerns. This case underscores the pivotal role of molecular diagnostics in distinguishing MFDGA from phenotypically similar craniofacial disorders and highlights the importance of coordinated, long-term multidisciplinary management throughout childhood.

Central diabetes insipidus following minor head trauma in a child with normal neuroimaging

Neetu Kumari, Neha Kumari, Nazifa Azam — Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Central diabetes insipidus (CDI) is an uncommon endocrine consequence of head injury in children and is typically associated with moderate to severe trauma. Development of CDI after trivial head injury, particularly in the presence of normal neuroimaging, is rare and may be easily overlooked. We report a 4-year-old child who presented with polyuria and polydipsia following a minor head injury, with laboratory findings consistent with central diabetes insipidus and normal magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Prompt initiation of desmopressin resulted in rapid clinical improvement. This case emphasizes the need for clinical vigilance for CDI in children presenting with unexplained polyuria even after apparently insignificant head trauma.

When common turns uncommon – an atypical presentation of childhood tuberculosis

Akhil Joshy, Bincy Philip, Carol S. Cherian, Jacob Abraham — Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Paediatric tuberculosis (TB) presents distinct challenges compared to adult TB in its diagnosis, clinical presentation, and management. Diagnosis in children is often difficult because symptoms are frequently non-specific or absent, and microbiological confirmation is hard to achieve. Young children are more likely to develop extrapulmonary or disseminated forms of TB than adults., lethargy, and significant weight loss (05 kg) without cough. Clinical examination revealed markedly reduced air entry on the left side. Laboratory investigations showed elevated inflammatory Management is complicated by the lack of paediatric drug formulations and the need for careful monitoring of potential drug toxicity. Despite these challenges, children generally tolerate anti-tubercular therapy well, and treatment regimens are largely similar to those used in adults. We report a child with large mediastinal mass who was proven to have extra pulmonary tuberculosis. This case emphasizes the atypical presentation of paediatric TB as a mediastinal cystic lesion, mimicking other pathologies. It highlights the need for maintaining a high index of suspicion, especially when initial microbiological tests are negative, and underscores the importance of obtaining tissue diagnosis in suspected extrapulmonary TB. Early recognition and appropriate management are essential to prevent complications and ensure favourable outcomes in paediatric tuberculosis.

Psychomotor development at 9 months of age in infants with perinatal asphyxia at the Mother and Child University Hospital of Libreville (Gabon) in 2023

Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Background: Perinatal asphyxia (PNA) is a common condition in neonatology. Objective of the study was to describe the short- and medium-term outcome of newborns presenting with PNA at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mère-Enfant Fondation Jeanne Ebori (CHUME-FJE) in 2022.

Methods: A prospective longitudinal and analytical study was conducted over a 16-month period. Newborns were included, regardless of gestational age, had presented with PNA. The statistical significance threshold was set at p<0.05.

Results: 96/464 newborns hospitalized for PNA (20.7%). The sex ratio was 1.26. The mean resuscitation time was 9.1±7.1 min. Neurological complications accounted for 73.3% (n=63), with an AEI classified as Sarnat II (27.0%) and Sarnat III (22.2%). The mean hospital stay was 12.6 days. The overall death rate was 32.6%. During the course of the study, 50.0% of infants recovered to normal weight for their age at 9 months and a proportion of 7.7% presented with PML developmental delay and 11.5% with PCVM taking into account the corrected age for preterm newborns.

Conclusion: APN remains a public health problem in sub-Saharan countries with high neonatal mortality and long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae. Prevention of this condition relies on better monitoring of pregnancy and delivery and a training program for healthcare personnel in newborn resuscitation in the delivery room.

Pediatric patients with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and accidental injuries: a cohort study

Tomás Ferrão, Mariana Bravo, Diogo Ministro, Raquel Zenha, Sandra Rebimbas — Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Background: Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is linked to a higher risk of injuries, especially in childhood and adolescence. This study compares emergency department (ED) visits between pediatric patients with ADHD and healthy controls, identifying potential risk factors and differences in injury severity.

Methods: Retrospective cohort study including patients diagnosed with ADHD at a Neurodevelopment Clinic, and a control group of patients born at the same hospital. Medical records were reviewed for clinical data (number of ED accidents since birth and severity outcomes such as splints, hospitalization, surgeries, inter-hospital transfers and sequelae). Parametric measurements were used due to the sample size and absence of skewness. Negative binomial regression accounted for overdispersion in incidence rates.

Results: We analyzed 316 ADHD cases and 316 controls. Mean age was 11.9 years (SD 2.4), similar to controls (p=0.998), with 66.5% males in both groups. ADHD patients had 537 unintentional injury ED visits (controls: 387), an incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 1.36 (95% CI: 1.11-1.67). The IRR was higher for episodes ≥6 years (IRR 1.48; 95% CI: 1.16-1.88). Severity outcomes were similar (p=0.257). Lower parental education was associated with more episodes (IRR 1.39; 95% CI: 0.989-1.96). Comorbidities did not affect injury incidence (p=0.425), but patients without comorbidities required more procedures and transfers (p=0.018 and p=0.013, respectively). 79.7% of cases had most/all ED visits before starting psychostimulants.

Conclusions: Our study supports the increased risk of injuries among pediatric ADHD patients. While injury severity was comparable to controls, ADHD patients without comorbidities had greater severity. Psychostimulants suggested a protective effect.

Prevalence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity among preterm neonates admitted to a tertiary care hospital

Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Background: Retinopathy of prematurity is a multifactorial vaso-proliferative disorder of the retina affecting mainly premature neonates. We aimed to determine the prevalence of ROP as well as to find out the risk factors behind this.

Methods: This cross-sectional analytic study was conducted in the department of neonatology and obstetrics and gynecology of BSMMU, Dhaka, from April 2016 to September 2017. All stable term and stable preterm newborns of both sexes were enrolled. Hemodynamically unstable newborn babies, newborns with congenital anomalies, newborns of<30 weeks, and newborns admitted after 72 hours of age were excluded. 70 samples comprising into two groups, in preterm group 40 and in term group 30 samples were taken. Plasma tocopherol <500 mg/dl was used as a deficient vit-E level. ROP screening was done by an ophthalmologist using a binocular indirect ophthalmoscope.

Results: Among 40 pre-term neonates, 12 were diagnosed as ROP with a prevalence of 30%. Stage 1-3 ROP were present among 8, 2 and 2 cases, respectively. There were equal number of males and females (35 each). Deficient vit-E level and SGA were significantly associated with ROP (p=0.05 and p=0.01, respectively). Stepwise multiple logistic regressions of risk factors showed vitamin E deficiency as a significant risk of developing ROP when other risk factors are intercepted.

Conclusions: Prevalence of ROP was 30% among pre-term neonates. Deficient vit-E level and SGA were significantly associated with ROP. Vitamin E deficiency resulted significant risk of developing ROP when other risk factors are present.

Outcome of desmopressin therapy on nocturnal enuresis in 6-15 years age group children of selected schools in Dhaka City

Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Background: Nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting) is a common pediatric condition affecting children’s physical, emotional, and social well-being. Desmopressin, a synthetic antidiuretic hormone analogue, is widely used to reduce nocturnal urine production. However, evidence on its effectiveness in school-aged children in Dhaka City remains limited. To evaluate the outcomes of Desmopressin therapy combined with behavioral interventions compared to behavioral therapy alone in children aged 6-15 years with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.

Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in two selected schools and the Department of Pediatric Nephrology, NIKDU, Dhaka, from February 2022 to July 2023. A total of 104 children meeting inclusion criteria were enrolled and divided into two groups: Group A (Desmopressin + behavioral therapy, n=52) and Group B (behavioral therapy only, n=52). Baseline assessment included demographics, sleep fragmentation, number of wet nights, laboratory investigations, and ultrasonography of the KUB region. Follow-up was performed at 2 weeks, 12 weeks, and 3 months post-treatment to assess reduction in wet nights, initial success, relapse, and adverse effects. Data were analyzed using SPSS v22; p<0.05 was considered significant.

Results: Demographics and baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. Both groups demonstrated a decrease in wet nights per week; however, Group A showed significantly greater improvement at week 12 (2.26±1.17 vs. 2.82±1.15, p=0.002) and at the end of the study (1.79±1.18 vs. 2.61±1.06, p<0.001). Initial treatment success was similar (52.1% vs. 47.1%, p=0.698), while relapse rates were higher in Group A (68.0% vs. 31.0%, p=0.070), although not statistically significant. Only mild adverse effects were observed in Group A (headache 6.4%, nausea 4.3%, vomiting 4.3%); no adverse effects were reported in Group B. Laboratory and ultrasonographic parameters remained normal in both groups.

Conclusion: Desmopressin combined with behavioral therapy provides faster and more pronounced reduction in wet nights compared to behavioral therapy alone, while both interventions are safe and well tolerated. These findings support combined therapy for rapid symptom control and behavioral therapy as a reliable long-term management strategy for pediatric nocturnal enuresis.

Serum electrolyte levels and their association with edema severity in pediatric edematous malnutrition

Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Background: Edematous malnutrition, a severe and acute malnutrition, still remains one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among children under five years of age, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Edematous malnutrition in children is usually combined with fluid retention and electrolyte disturbance that, if not treated early, can lead to life-threatening complications. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the trend and magnitude of serum electrolyte level and their association with edema severity in children with edematous malnutrition.

Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Paediatrics Inpatient, Institute of Child and Mother Health (ICMH), Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2019 to June 2020. There were 51 children aged between 6 months to 5 years with edematous malnutrition who were included via purposive sampling. Data were cleaned and analyzed using SPSS (version 20).

Results: In the current study, most of the children were severely underweight (78.4%) and nearly half (47.1%) were severely stunted, while 31.4% were severely wasted. Mild oedema was detected in 51% of the children, followed by moderate (27.4%), and severe oedema (21.6%). The mean serum sodium, potassium, and chloride were 139.39±4.23 mEq/l, 4.24±0.59 mmol/l, and 105.09±3.27 mEq/l, respectively. A significant association was found between serum sodium levels and the severity of oedema, with children having severe oedema showing significantly lower mean sodium levels compared to those with mild oedema (p=0.036).

Conclusions: This study demonstrates that among children with edematous malnutrition, serum sodium level showed a significant association with the severity of edema, with markedly lower sodium values observed in those with severe edema. In contrast, serum potassium and chloride levels did not vary significantly across different grades of edema.

Portal vein Doppler study in evaluation of portal vein pulsatility pattern for assessing severity of cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension

Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Background: Liver cirrhosis causes progressive hepatic fibrosis leading to increased intrahepatic vascular resistance and portal hypertension. This study aimed to assess portal vein pulsatility index and complete spectral widening on Doppler ultrasonography as non-invasive indicators of disease severity and their correlation with Child-Pugh classification.

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2024 to September 2025 in the Department of Radiology and Imaging at Bangladesh Medical University (BMU), Dhaka. Portal vein Doppler studies were performed on 30 patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension and 30 healthy adults. The parameters evaluated were portal vein pulsatility index (PI) and complete spectral widening (CSW). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27.0, with a p value <0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results: Among 60 participants (30 cirrhotic, 30 healthy), cirrhotics had mean age 48.2±12.9 years, 66.7% male. Ascites occurred in 76.7%, hematemesis in 30.0%, jaundice in 23.3%; mean albumin 3.04±0.65 g/dl, bilirubin 2.01±0.48 mg/dl, PT 6.56±2.54 s. Child-Pugh classes: A 30.0%, B 36.7%, C 33.3%. PI was lower in cirrhotics (0.15±0.037 vs 0.41±0.044, p<0.001) and decreased with severity (0.19→0.15→0.12, p<0.001). ROC (cut-off 0.35) showed 96.7% sensitivity, 86.7% specificity, 91.7% accuracy (AUC 0.968); CSW present in 80.0%.

Conclusion: Portal vein pulsatility index and complete spectral widening provide a simple, non-invasive, and highly accurate method for diagnosing and grading liver cirrhosis.

Comparative antibacterial efficacy of a commercially available herbal mouthwash and chlorhexidine mouthwash against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: an in vitro study

Leina R. Pradhan, Kalpna Chaudhry, Nitin Khanduri, Yoshita Gupta, Chandni Dhyani — Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Background: Dental caries and periodontal diseases are widespread oral health problems caused primarily by plaque-forming microorganisms. While chlorhexidine (CHX) is widely used and highly effective as a chemical plaque-control agent, its prolonged use is limited by side effects such as staining and altered taste. This has led to growing interest in herbal mouthwashes, which offer antimicrobial benefits with fewer adverse effects, making them a promising natural alternative for long-term oral hygiene. To compare the antibacterial efficacy of a herbal mouthwash (Turmwash™) with chlorhexidine (Hexidine™) against Actinomyces actinomycetemcomitans using agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays.

Methods: A. actinomycetemcomitans (ATCC 29522) was revived and cultured. Antibacterial activity of Turmwash™ and Hexidine™ was assessed by measuring zones of inhibition (ZOI) on Mueller–Hinton agar. MIC was determined using two-fold serial dilutions (1000–1.95 µg/mL) in Mueller–Hinton broth, followed by resazurin-based growth confirmation. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, with p<0.05 considered significant.

Results: Mean ZOI values for Turmwash™ ranged from 20–22 mm, while Hexidine™ showed ZOI values of 24–25 mm. Statistical analysis revealed no significant difference between the two (p = 0.125). MIC assays demonstrated that Turmwash™ inhibited bacterial growth between 15.62 µg/ml and 31.25 µg/mL, with higher concentrations showing complete inhibition.

Conclusions: Although Hexidine™ exhibited slightly higher antibacterial activity, the difference compared with the herbal mouthwash was not statistically significant. Turmwash™ demonstrated substantial antibacterial efficacy against A. actinomycetemcomitans, suggesting it may serve as a potential natural alternative to chlorhexidine with reduced risk of side effects.

Prevalence of transaminitis in pediatric dengue fever and its association with disease severity

Arif M. Khan, R. Bhanu V. Pillai, Arjun C. Meethal, Anuradha T. Chathoth — Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Background: Hepatic involvement is a common but under-characterized feature of pediatric dengue fever, particularly in India. Transaminitis, defined as elevated serum transaminase levels, is frequently observed in dengue and is included in the 2009 revised World Health Organization (WHO) dengue severity classification, with levels >1000 IU considered a marker of severe dengue. This study aims to determine the prevalence of transaminitis in pediatric dengue fever, to assess the prevalence of markedly elevated transaminase levels in severe dengue, to analyse the association of deranged liver function tests with disease severity, and to evaluate the predictive value of liver function tests in determining dengue disease severity.

Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care centre in Kerala, including 159 children (age <18 years) with serologically confirmed dengue fever from 2009 to 2019. Demographic parameters (age, gender), biochemical tests (SGPT, SGOT, bilirubin, INR, albumin) and serological markers for dengue (NS1, IgM, IgG) were recorded. Transminitis was defined as SGOT or SGPT >50 IU/l. SGPT or SGOT >1000 IU/l was considered as marked elevation. Disease severity was classified as per the WHO criteria. Principal component analysis was used to derive composite liver indices. Ordinal logistic regression analysis assessed the predictors of disease severity.

Results: 159 cases were analysed. 68.6% had dengue without warning signs, 27.0% had warning signs and 4.4% were diagnosed with severe dengue. Elevated SGOT and SGOT were observed in 77.4% and 45.9% respectively, indicating a high prevalence of transaminitis. Both composite liver indices (bilirubin and transaminases) were significantly associated with severe dengue and predicted higher disease severity (p=0.045 and 0.041 respectively). Albumin had a protective effect but it was marginally significant (p=0.057). INR, demographic and serological markers were not significantly associated with severity.

Conclusions: Transminitis is highly prevalent in children with dengue fever and it corelates with the severity of illness. Routine liver enzyme evaluation early in the disease may improve risk assessment. More multicentre prospective studies are required to validate these findings and to investigate dynamic changes in liver function during the disease course.

Study of vitamin D levels in pediatric patients on antiepileptic monotherapy

Fahim Salam, Shabir Mohammad, Nehal Singhal, Suresh Kumar Verma, Ayush Verma — Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Background: Epilepsy affects nearly 50 million people worldwide, with childhood onset common. Long-term antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy, including valproate (VPA), carbamazepine (CBZ), and levetiracetam (LEV), may adversely influence vitamin D metabolism, impacting bone and neurological health. With limited pediatric data and no supplementation guidelines, this study investigates the association between AED monotherapy, vitamin D status, and biochemical outcomes in children. The aim of this study is to evaluate if CBZ, VPA and LEV as monotherapy is associated with vitamin D deficiency among children with epilepsy.

Results: In 86 pediatric patients (52.3% female), VPA (43%) and CBZ (24.4%) significantly reduced Vitamin D3 to 22.7 ng/ml and calcium to 9.1 mg/dl at 6 months, while elevating ALP to 281.4 IU/L and 267.7 IU/L, respectively. LEV (32.6%) showed milder effects (28.7 ng/ml, 202.5 IU/L).

Methods: After ethics approval, children aged 5-18 years with epilepsy at Umaid/MDM Hospital were screened. Baseline serum vitamin D3, calcium, phosphate, and ALP were measured using chemiluminescence. Patients with normal vitamin D3 (>20 ng/ml) were enrolled and initiated on VPA, LEV, or CBZ, with follow-up monitoring for biochemical changes. Statistical tool used is SPSS v.22.

Conclusions: VPA and CBZ were associated with significant declines in vitamin D and calcium levels, along with elevated ALP, indicating adverse effects on bone health in pediatric epilepsy patients. LEV showed comparatively milder effects. Routine monitoring and proactive management of bone health are crucial for all children on long-term AED therapy.

Correlation of gender with neonatal outcome in babies born to mothers with hypertensive disorder of pregnancy

Olivia Jean Mathias, Simran Vachhani, A. R. Rajan, Deepak Joshi — Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Background: Hypertensive disease of pregnancy (HDOP) has a prevalence of 6.9%. The study analysed the correlation between gender and neonatal outcomes in mothers with HDOP.

Methods: A retrospective descriptive study analysed 203 neonates born to mothers with HDOP in a tertiary care hospital.

Results: During the study period 3259 deliveries were conducted of which 203 deliveries met our inclusion criteria (106 male and 97 female). In 142 neonates (69.95%) mode of delivery was LSCS with male gender being significantly higher (p<0.05). Of 203 neonates, 65 (32.02 %) needed NICU care. Respiratory distress syndrome (61.11%) was the commonest morbidity. The mean period of gestation in male neonates was 262.17 days and 262.29 in females. The mean birth weight for male neonates was 2186.52 grams, while for female neonates was 2507.53 grams (p<0.05). Of the 203 neonates in our study, 93 were found to be small for gestational age. The mean duration of NICU stay for neonates was 5.08 days for males and 1.55 days for females. (p<0.05). The mean duration of hospital stay for male neonates was 13.52 days and for female neonates was 7.74 days (p<0.05). The mean placental weight for the female gender was 386.29 g and for the male gender was 390.69 g.

Conclusions: Male gender showed statistically significant positive correlation (p<0.05) for low birth weight, mode of delivery and duration of both NICU and Hospital stay.

Evaluation of varying thresholds of fraction of inspired oxygen on the need for surfactant administration and comorbidities among preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome: a prospective cohort study

Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Background: Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm neonates results from surfactant deficiency, causing alveolar collapse. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the preferred initial support, with surfactant administration based on fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO₂) thresholds. However, the optimal FiO₂ threshold remains uncertain. To assess surfactant need in preterm neonates on CPAP requiring FiO₂30-40% based on Silverman-Anderson scores and FiO₂ trends.

Methods: This prospective cohort study was conducted at SMS Medical College, Jaipur, including preterm neonates (26-34 weeks' gestation) requiring CPAP. Neonates were categorized into three groups: Group A (<30% FiO₂), Group B (30-40%), and Group C (>40%). In Group B, surfactant was administered based on FiO₂ trends and Silverman–Anderson scores.

Results: Among 96 neonates, 70 (72.9%) received surfactant, while 26 (27.1%) did not. Higher FiO₂ and Silverman-Anderson scores at 6 hours were significantly associated with surfactant need (p<0.0001). However, maternal factors (antenatal steroids, mode of delivery, Gravida) showed no significant association with surfactant use.

Conclusions: Neonates requiring FiO₂ 30-40% on CPAP can often be managed without immediate surfactant administration if their Silverman-Anderson score and FiO₂ improve within 6 hours. A FiO₂ threshold of 35%, combined with clinical monitoring, may be a more effective criterion for surfactant therapy, reducing unnecessary administration.

Association of iron deficiency anemia with febrile seizures in pediatric patients

Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Background: Febrile seizures are the most common seizure disorder in children, occurring in 2-5% of those aged 6 months to 5 years. Although usually benign, they cause significant parental anxiety. This study aimed to evaluate the association of iron deficiency anemia with febrile seizures in pediatric patients.

Methods: A hospital-based prospective case-control study was conducted in the department of pediatrics, American international institute of medical sciences, Udaipur, from March 2023 to August 2024. A total of 100 children aged 6 months-5 years were enrolled, including 50 with febrile seizures (cases) and 50 age-matched febrile children without seizures (controls). Hematological parameters (Hb, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW and ferritin) and serum electrolytes (Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca²⁺) were measured.

Results: The mean hemoglobin level was significantly lower in cases (9.18±1.86 g/dL) compared to controls (10.65±1.12 g/dL; p=0.001). Other red cell indices and ferritin were lower in cases but not statistically significant. Electrolyte levels were comparable in both groups. Hospitalization was required more frequently among cases (60%) than controls (8%; p<0.001). Complex seizures (62%) were more common than simple seizures (38%), and nearly half (46%) had recurrent episodes.

Conclusions: The study demonstrates a significant association between low hemoglobin and febrile seizures, reinforcing IDA as an important, modifiable risk factor. Routine screening and correction of anemia in early childhood may reduce the incidence and recurrence of febrile seizures.

Association of peak fever temperature with seizure incidence, recurrence, and clinical characteristics in children with febrile seizures excerpts from a single-centre prospective observational audit

Koshy Alan Valiaveetil, Murugan Thimiri Pazhani, Melwin Dany Samuel — Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Background: Febrile seizures are the most common seizure disorder in early childhood and a frequent cause of paediatric emergency department visits. Fever height is often perceived as a key determinant of seizure risk, although evidence supporting this association remains inconsistent. To evaluate whether the height of fever at presentation is associated with the incidence or recurrence of febrile seizures in young children presenting to a paediatric emergency department.

Methods: This was a single-centre descriptive observational audit conducted in a paediatric emergency unit over a one-month period. Children aged 11–48 months presenting with febrile seizures were included. Demographic data, seizure characteristics, maximum recorded body temperature, recurrence during the same illness episode, and management outcomes were collected. Mean fever temperatures between children with recurrent and non-recurrent seizures were compared using an independent t-test. Associations between categorical variables were analyzed using the Chi-square test.

Results: Thirty children were included, with a mean age of 22.1 months; 73.3% were male. Typical febrile seizures accounted for 86.7% of cases. Recurrent seizures occurred in 36.7% of children. The mean fever temperature at presentation was 101.35°F. There was no statistically significant difference in fever height between children with recurrent and non-recurrent seizures (t=1.78, p=0.092). No significant association was observed between seizure type and gender. Most children were managed conservatively, with low rates of anticonvulsant use (13.3%) and hospital admission (13.3%). Caregiver counselling was provided in all cases.

Conclusion: Fever height at presentation was not associated with seizure incidence or recurrence in children with febrile seizures. These findings support guideline-recommended conservative management and reinforce that absolute fever temperature alone should not influence clinical decision-making in uncomplicated febrile seizures.

Risk factors of nocturnal enuresis among school-going children of 6–15 years in a selected Upazila of Bangladesh

Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Background: Nocturnal enuresis, or bedwetting, is a common condition among children aged five years and older, with potential psychosocial impacts such as low self-esteem, social anxiety, and disrupted family dynamics. Both genetic and environmental factors, including bladder dysfunction, sleep disturbances, stress, and lifestyle habits, contribute to its occurrence. In Bangladesh, data on risk factors for nocturnal enuresis among school-aged children are limited. To identify and analyze the risk factors associated with nocturnal enuresis among school-going children aged 6–15 years in Rupganj Upazila, Narayanganj, Bangladesh.

Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 384 school-going children aged 6–15 years from January 2022 to September 2023. Data on demographics, lifestyle, medical history and indirect evidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) were collected through structured questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and dipstick urinalysis. Associations were assessed using Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test, and risk factors were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

Results: Among participants, number of enuretic children decreases with age. In multivariate analysis, significant predictors of nocturnal enuresis included younger age (6–7 years, OR=6.536), stressful events (OR=8.033), lower urinary tract symptoms (OR=27.643), sleep disturbances (OR=36.571), and drinking more fluids in the evening (OR=10.940). Family history, constipation, obesity, pinworm infestation and/or anal itching, and caffeinated drinks were significant in univariate analysis but not in multivariate models. Positive leukocyte esterase tests, indicating possible UTI, were more common in enuretic children.

Conclusion: Nocturnal enuresis in school-aged children is influenced by a combination of behavioral, physiological, and environmental factors. Early identification of significant predictors, such as stress, LUTS, sleep disturbance, and higher evening fluid intake, can guide targeted interventions to reduce the prevalence and psychosocial impact of enuresis in this population.

Evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of an herbal preparation vs triple antibiotic paste against E. faecalis: an in vitro study

Chandni Dhyani, Kalpna Chaudhry, Nitin Khanduri, Leina R. Pradhan, Yoshita Gupta — Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Background: Enterococcus faecalis is a major pathogen responsible for persistent endodontic infections and root canal treatment failure due to its resistance and ability to survive harsh intracanal conditions. Triple antibiotic paste (TAP) is widely used for canal disinfection, but concerns related to antibiotic resistance, tooth discoloration, and cytotoxicity have led to interest in herbal alternatives. This study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of a herbal formulation containing Turmeric, Arjuna bark and Clove oil, against E. faecalis and compared it with TAP.

Methods: An in vitro well diffusion assay was performed using E. faecalis (ATCC 29212) inoculated on Mueller–Hinton agar. Three concentrations (20 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, and 100 mg/ml) of the herbal extract were tested, and zones of inhibition (ZOI) were measured after incubation at 37°C for 48 hours. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using a microbroth dilution method. TAP served as the positive control.

Results: The herbal preparation demonstrated measurable antimicrobial activity, showing a ZOI of 8 mm (20 mg/ml), 10 mm (50 mg/ml), and 15 mm (100 mg/ml). The MIC value for the herbal formulation was 7.81 µg/ml. TAP showed higher inhibition zones at all tested concentrations.

Conclusions: The herbal formulation exhibited significant antibacterial activity against E. faecalis, indicating its potential as a biocompatible intracanal medicament. Although TAP remained more effective at lower concentrations, the herbal preparation offers advantages such as reduced risk of antibiotic resistance and tooth discoloration. Further cytotoxicity testing and clinical studies are required to validate its clinical applicability.

Prevalence and academic impact of allergic rhinitis among school-age children in rural Bengaluru: a cross-sectional study

Saritha H. M., Raghul Govindaraj, Nagarathna Hosalli Kumaraswamy — Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Background: Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a prevalent, but often an underdiagnosed, chronic condition in children, which may have a negative impact on quality of life (QoL) and academic performance. Objectives were to determine the prevalence of AR in Indian school children using the score for AR (SFAR), its impact on QoL using the mini-rhino conjunctivitis QoL questionnaire (Mini-RQLQ), and to assess its effect on studies.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 school children (6^th-12^th grades) in rural Bengaluru from June to August 2025 using parent-assisted SFAR, mini-RQLQ, and academic impact structured questionnaires. Statistical analyses were conducted in SPSS v25. Associations were tested using Chi-square and ANOVA, with p<0.05 considered significant.

Results: AR (SFAR≥7) was found in 55 children (18.3%) with prime triggers being cold weather (68%) and house dust (63%). Children with AR experienced sleeper disturbance, fatigue and ocular symptoms at higher rates. AR was significantly associated with impaired concentration (68.5%), reduced class participation (64.3%), and poorer examination performance (70%) compared to non-AR peers (p<0.001 for all). Nearly 40% of affected kids had doctor visit.

Conclusions: AR is common in school children of rural Bangalore and causes considerable impact to QoL and academic performance. Regular screening and timely intervention may help to reduce educational and psychosocial impacts.

Translation to Malayalam language and validation of Vanderbilt attention deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnostic parent rating scale: a cross-sectional study

Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Background: There is a need for validated translations of tools in regional languages, to ensure uniformity in the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The study aimed to translate Vanderbilt ADHD diagnostic parent rating scale (VADPRS) into Malayalam and validate it against INCLEN diagnostic tool for ADHD (INDT-ADHD).

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care referral center for child development and behavioral disorders, during the period of January 2022 to August 2022. Hundred and three (n=103) children in age group of 6-12 years with symptoms suggestive of ADHD were included. Parents who were unable to read Malayalam and children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and/or intellectual disability were excluded. Malayalam version of VADPRS was derived through forward-backward translation ensuring content, semantic, and technical validity. Validation of this translated tool was done against INDT-ADHD. As part of psychometric testing, interviews with parents and clinical examination of the children were done. Reliability and validity of the tool was analyzed by appropriate statistical methods.

Results: The translated Malayalam version of VADPRS tool identified 90.3% of children had ADHD. The factor-analysis demonstrated a 2-factor structure. Discriminant validity assessed using student’s t test, showed statistically significant mean difference between two extreme groups (p=0.001). Intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.994 showing good test-retest reliability. The Cronbach’s alpha value was 0.997 indicating good internal consistency. Scale content validity index was significant with value of 0.95. The tool had a sensitivity of 98.95% (95% CI; 94.27%-99.97%) and high specificity. Negative predictive value of the tool was 90% (95% CI; 56.16%-98.44%).

Conclusions: Translated version of VADPRS showed good validity against INDT-ADHD. It can be recommended for use in the Malayalam speaking population to help in diagnostic process of children with ADHD.

Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and growth implications of congenital heart disease in pediatric patients: a single-center retrospective study from India

Dipali Jambhale, Amol D. Kothalkar — Fri, 06 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) with structural defects of hearts and vessels is associated with significant mortality in pediatric population. Early timely intervention is critical. This study aims to examine the demographics and clinical profiles of pediatric population with CHD from India.

Methods: A retrospective observational study conducted at a district hospital in pediatric patients diagnosed with CHD. Basic demographics, clinical symptoms, diagnostic procedures and growth parameters were collated and analyzed. Analysis involved descriptive statistics and Chi-square test for proportions comparing different types of CHD.

Results: In this retrospective study of pediatric CHD cases (n=141) from India, acyanotic lesions predominated (87.2%), with ventricular and atrial septal defects (ASDs) most common. Over half were diagnosed within six months, though delays were notable in cyanotic CHD. Around one-third were asymptomatic at diagnosis, while others presented with classic symptoms like breathlessness and feeding difficulties. Over 90% showed growth below the 50th percentile, highlighting significant nutritional impact. Lesion type influenced timing and urgency of management.

Conclusions: These findings highlight the need for enhanced screening, early diagnosis, growth monitoring, and integrated nutritional support to optimize long-term outcomes in children with CHD.

A cross-sectional survey on the usage, preference, and clinical experience of pediatricians with cefpodoxime in pediatric infections

Ajitkumar Gondane, Dattatray Pawar, Akhilesh Sharma — Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Background: Cefpodoxime is frequently prescribed for pediatric bacterial infections; however, real-world insights into its usage patterns, preference, and clinical experience among pediatricians in India are limited. This study evaluated the prescribing trends, perceived efficacy, palatability, safety, and overall satisfaction with cefpodoxime in pediatric practice.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among pediatricians attending the National Pedicon Conference 2026 using a structured questionnaire. Data on demographics, indications, comparative preference with other β-lactam antibiotics, clinical efficacy, palatability-associated compliance, safety, and satisfaction were collected from 300 respondents.

Results: Among 300 pediatricians, 69.7% were male and 31.0% female, with a mean age of 44.58±13.07 years. Cefpodoxime was most prescribed for lower respiratory tract infections (n=206), followed by pharyngitis/tonsillitis (n=186), acute otitis media (n=185), skin and soft tissue infections (n=67), and urinary tract infections (n=57). Across respiratory tract infections, cefpodoxime was consistently preferred over cefpodoxime–clavulanate and other β-lactam antibiotics. Clinical efficacy was rated as excellent by 199 respondents and good by 97, reflecting strong confidence in treatment outcomes. Palatability was reported to significantly improve pediatric patient compliance by 239 pediatricians, while 250 identified palatability as a key determinant of patient satisfaction. In terms of safety, 261 respondents reported no observed adverse events. Overall satisfaction was high, with 188 pediatricians being very satisfied and 107 satisfied with cefpodoxime use.

Conclusions: The survey highlights cefpodoxime as a preferred, effective, and well-tolerated antibiotic with added benefits of palatability-driven compliance in pediatric infections.

Clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic correlation in assessing severity and outcome in dengue infection

Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Background: Dengue infection is a major public health concern with clinical manifestations ranging from mild febrile illness to life-threatening shock syndrome. Early prediction of disease progression is vital for reducing morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to document the clinical profile of pediatric patients and evaluate the correlation of liver enzymes, viral serotypes, and abdominal ultrasonographic findings with the severity and outcome of dengue infection.

Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted over a period of 20 months involving 65 children (n=65) aged 1 month to 18 years admitted with confirmed dengue infection. Clinical features, liver function tests (AST, ALT, ALP), serotypes and abdominal ultrasound findings were analyzed. Statistical analysis was used to correlate these findings with disease severity.

Results: The majority of the study population were males (58.46%) with the highest incidence in the 1–5 year age group (35.38%). Fever was universally present, while hepatomegaly was observed in 20% of cases. DENV-2 was the predominant serotype (49.23%). Significant statistical differences were noted in Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels among different serotypes (p<0.05). Ultrasonography revealed warning signs such as ascites (36.9%) and gall bladder edema (30.7%). A statistically significant association was found between dengue severity and ultrasound warning signs (p<0.0000001), with an area under the ROC curve of 0.96.

Conclusions: Ultrasound warning signs are strong predictors of dengue severity in children. While liver enzyme levels vary significantly by serotype, abdominal ultrasonography serves as a highly sensitive and reliable non-invasive tool for the early prediction of severe dengue infection and timely management of pediatric dengue patients.

Comparison of antibacterial efficacy of a non-herbal toothpaste with the polyherbal preparation on the growth of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: an in vitro study

Yoshita Gupta, Kalpna Chaudhry, Aditi Singh, Chandni Dhyani, Leina R. Pradhan — Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Background: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is an important oral pathogen implicated in periodontal disease and is commonly detected in pediatric populations. Chemical dentifrices are effective against oral bacteria but may cause adverse effects, whereas herbal preparations may offer safer alternatives.

Methods: An in vitro experimental study was conducted to compare the antibacterial efficacy of a non-herbal toothpaste (Kidodent™ Indoco Pharmaceuticals Ltd., India) and a polyherbal preparation containing Neem (Azadirachta indica), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), and Ginger (Zingiber officinale). Antibacterial activity was evaluated using agar well diffusion assay at concentrations of 20, 50, and 100 mg/ml, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by broth microdilution. All tests were performed in triplicate. Statistical analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA, independent Student’s t-test, and Mann–Whitney U test as appropriate.

Results: The non-herbal toothpaste demonstrated significantly greater zones of inhibition compared to the polyherbal preparation (p<0.001). The polyherbal formulation showed a concentration-dependent antibacterial effect, with the highest mean zone of inhibition observed at 100 mg/ml. The MIC value of the polyherbal preparation was 31.25 µg/mL, whereas the non-herbal toothpaste exhibited a lower MIC, indicating higher antibacterial potency.

Conclusions: The non-herbal toothpaste showed superior antibacterial efficacy against A. actinomycetemcomitans; however, the polyherbal preparation demonstrated significant, concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity. Polyherbal formulations may serve as safer adjuncts in pediatric oral care, though further clinical studies are warranted.

Bacteria identified in neonatal sepsis cases from a neonatal intensive care unit, Ahmedabad, India

Sat, 21 Feb 2026 00:00:00 +0530

Neonatal sepsis (NS) causes mortality in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) due to infections by group B Streptococcus (GBS), emerging pathogens and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) strains. This study was undertaken to isolate and identify GBS and other bacteria from cases of neonatal sepsis in a NICU, Ahmedabad, Gujarat. Skin swab samples were collected from neonatal sepsis cases and inoculated in LIM broth. Growth was observed in all the LIM broth tubes inoculated with the sample. Six (6) beta-hemolytic and four (4) non-hemolytic bacteria were isolated on Blood agar plate, and pure cultures were obtained on LB agar plates. These isolates were identified using the Vitek2 system, and 16S rRNA sequencing method. Two (2) isolates, namely NSNH5L and NSNH3S, were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae (96%) and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (97%), respectively, by the VITEK2 rapid identification system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that K. pneumoniae was resistant to aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, and polypeptide antibiotics (Card: AST-N405), except fosfomycin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; whereas S. haemolyticus was sensitive to most antibiotics, except benzylpenicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, levofloxacin, gentamicin, and oxacillin (Card: AST-P628). Two (2) isolates, namely, GXDRC_03 (NSH01) and GXDRC_04 (NSH05), were identified as Kocuria arsenatis (99.75%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (99.59%) based on 16S rRNA sequence homology study. The 16S rRNA sequences have been deposited in GenBank accession nos. PX533098 and PX5331127, respectively. This is the first report on 16S rRNA phylogeny-based identification of bacterial isolates, and isolation of K. arsenatis from neonatal sepsis sample(s) in Gujarat, India.