Vitamin D status in exclusively breast-fed infants and their mothers
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20183541Keywords:
Hypovitaminosis D, Vitamin D, Vitamin D deficiency in mothers and infants, Vitamin D status in infantsAbstract
Background: India, despite being a tropical country has widespread vitamin D deficiency across all age groups. Present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of subclinical hypovitaminosis D in exclusively breastfed infants and their mothers and also to study the correlation between the Vitamin D levels of these infants and their mothers.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 37 exclusively breastfed infants aged 6 months and below and their mothers. Under strict aseptic precautions 2 ml of blood was taken from each infant and mother and serum levels of 25(OH) D levels were measured by the direct ELISA method. Statistical analysis was done by using chi-square test, one-way ANOVA f-test and student independent t-test.
Results: In present study, authors found that 78.3% of the mothers were Vitamin D deficient and 21.7% of the mothers were Vitamin D insufficient. Among the infants, authors found that 91.9% of the infants were Vitamin D deficient and 8.1% of the infants were Vitamin D insufficient. The association between dietary pattern and socio-economic class and mean maternal vitamin D levels was found to be statistically significant (p <0.05).
Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D amongst exclusively breastfed infants and their mothers. Hence, public awareness needs to be created regarding the benefits of sunlight exposure. Vitamin D fortification of food products and routine Vitamin D supplementation program for antenatal and lactating mothers and their young infants may be able to address this emerging public health problem in our country.
Metrics
References
Jagzape T, Khan S. Vitamin-D levels in exclusively breast fed infants less than six months of age: Do they need supplementation?. Sri Lanka J Child Health. 2014 Jun 11;43(2).
Greenbaum LA. Rickets and Hypervitaminosis D. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW, Schor NF, Behrman RE, eds. Nelson Text book of pediatrics. 20th edn. Elsevier Division of Reed Elsevier India Pvt Ltd; 2016:331-341.
Kreiter SR, Schwartz RP, Kirkman HN, Charlton PA, Calikoglu AS, Davenport ML. Nutritional rickets in African American breast-fed infants. The J Pediatr. 2000 Aug 1;137(2):153-7.
Goswami R, Gupta N, Goswami D, Marwaha RK, Tandon N, Kochupillai N. Prevalence and significance of low 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in healthy subjects in Delhi. The American J Clinical Nutr. 2000 Aug 1;72(2):472-5.
Basile LA, Taylor SN, Wagner CL, Quinones L, Hollis BW. Neonatal vitamin D status at birth at latitude 32 degrees 72’: evidence of deficiency. J Perinatol. 2007; 27:568-71.
McElrath TF. Preeclampsia and related conditions. In: Cloherty JP, Eichenwald EC, Hansen AR, Stark AR, eds. Manual of Neonatal Care. 7th ed. Wolters Kluwer India Pvt Ltd; 2012:45.
Jain M, Kapry S, Jain S, Singh SK, Singh TB. Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency: a risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus in north India. Gynecol Obstet. 2015;5(264):2161-0932.
Khalessi N, Kalani M, Araghi M, Farahani Z. The relationship between maternal vitamin D deficiency and low birth weight neonates. J Family Reprod Health. 2015 Sep;9(3):113.
Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. The J Clinical Endocrinol Metabol. 2011 Jul 1;96(7):1911-30.
Hollis BW, Wagner CL. Vitamin D requirements during lactation: high-dose maternal supplementation as therapy to prevent hypovitaminosis D for both the mother and the nursing infant. The Am J Clinical Nutr. 2004 Dec 1;80(6):1752S-8S.
Balasubramanian S, Ganesh R. Vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breast-fed infants. Indian J Med Res. 2008 Mar 1;127(3):250.
Jain V, Gupta N, Kalaivani M, Jain A, Sinha A, Agarwal R. Vitamin D deficiency in healthy breastfed term infants at 3 months and their mothers in India: seasonal variation and determinants. The Indian J Med Res. 2011 Mar;133(3):267-73.
Sachan A, Gupta R, Das V, Agarwal A, Awasthi PK, Bhatia V. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among pregnant women and their newborns in northern India. The Am J Clinical Nutr. 2005 May 1;81(5):1060-4.
Dawodu A, Agarwal M, Hossain M, Kochiyil J, Zayed R. Hypovitaminosis D and vitamin D deficiency in exclusively breast-feeding infants and their mothers in summer: a justification for vitamin D supplementation of breast-feeding infants. The J Pediatr. 2003 Feb 1;142(2):169-73.
Marwaha RK, Tandon N, Reddy DR, Aggarwal R, Singh R, Sawhney RC, et al. Vitamin D and bone mineral density status of healthy school children in Northern India. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:477-82.
Seth A, Marwaha RK, Singla B, Aneja S, Mehrotra P, Sastry A, et al. Vitamin D nutritional status of exclusively breast-fed infants and their mothers. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metabol. 2009;22(3):241-6.
Soumya M. Study of vitamin D levels in exclusively breastfed term infants in a tertiary care centre. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2017 Dec 21;5(1):71-4.
Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy. Available at: www.cochrane.org/.../PREG_vitamin-d-supplementation-women-during-pregnancy
Ramukalanjiam S, Ramesh S. Vitamin D status in children of south Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Res J Pharmac Biolog Chemical Sci. 2014;5:579-83.
Aghajafari F, Field CJ, Weinberg AR, Letourneau N, APrON Study Team. Both mother and infant require a Vitamin D supplement to ensure that infants’ Vitamin D status meets current guidelines. Nutrients. 2018;10(4):429.