A cross sectional study on risk factors associated with acute lower respiratory tract infection among children aged 6 to 60 months
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20204415Keywords:
Acute lower respiratory tract infection, Socio-demographic factors, MalnutritionAbstract
Background: Acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) is leading cause of hospitalization and mortality among children under 5 years age in developing societies. Risk factors such as socioeconomic status, overcrowding, parental education, passive smoking, exposure to biomass fuels, kerosene lamps etc should also be considered in possible etiology of ALRI. Knowledge of risk factors would help prevention through proper health education efforts and other interventional community development initiatives. The objective of the study was to study various socio-demographic and nutritional risk factors associated with acute lower respiratory tract infection among 6 to 60 months aged children
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care institute Gujarat state of India. All the children in the age group of 6 months to 60 months admitted in paediatrics ward with ALRI were included in study. Data collection was done using a pretested questionnaire including socio-demographic factors. Data was analyzed using Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) and excel and p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results: Higher percentage (32%) of malnutrition was observed in age group of 13 months to 36 months (p<0.05). Lack of maternal education is significantly associated with malnutrition in patients of acute lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) (p<0.05). Passive smoking was found among 38.1% of ALRI patients in urban area while it was among 25.6% of patients in rural patients (p<0.05). Difference in exposure to biomass fuel among rural and urban patients is statistically significant (p<0.05). Giving pre-lacteal feeding (63.9%), incomplete immunization (56.8%), no birth spacing (50.2%), no predominant breast feeding (47.7%) are some of the leading causes of acute LRTI.
Conclusion: Socio-demographic factors and malnutrition impact ALRI among 6 to 60 months age group of children according to place of residence.
References
Bulla A, Hitze KL. Acute respiratory infections: a review. Bull World Health Organ. 1978;56(3):48-98.
Troeger C, Forouzanfar M, Rao PC, Khalil I, Brown A, Swartz S, et al. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower respiratory tract infections in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(11):1133-61.
Cilloniz C, Martin-Loeches I, Garcia-Vidal C, San Jose A, Torres A. Microbial etiology of pneumonia: epidemiology, diagnosis and resistance patterns. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(12):2120.
Pio A, Leowski J, Dam HG. The magnitude of the problem of acute respiratory infection. Douglas RM, Kerby-Eaton E editors. Acute Respiratoy Infection in Childhood Proc of International Workshop. Adelaide. Adelaide Univ Press: 1985;3-16.
Ramani VK, Pattankar J, Puttahonna SK. Acute Respiratory Infections among UnderFive Age Group Children at Urban Slums of Gulbarga City: A Longitudinal Study Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. 2016;10(5):LC08-13.
Munagala VK, Mahesh RMU, Kandat J, Ponugoti M. Clinical study of lower respiratory tract infections in children attending a tertiary care hospital. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2017;4:1733-8.
Greenbaum AH, Chen J, Reed C, Beavers S, Callahan D et al. Hospitalizations for Severe Lower Respiratory Tract Infections. Pediatrics. 2014;134(3):546-54.
Dagvadorj A. Hospitalization risk factors for children’s lower respiratory tractinfection: A population-based, cross-sectional study in Mongolia. Sci. Rep. 2016;60:24615.
Kumar SG, Majumdar A, Kumar V, Naik BN, Selvaraj K, Balajee K. Prevalence of acute respiratory infection among under-five children in urban and rural areas of puducherry, India. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2015;6(1):3-6.
Prajapati B, Talsania N, Sonaliya KN. prevalence of Acute respiratory tract infection in under five children in urban and rural communities of Ahmedabad district. National Journal of Community Medicine. 2011;2:255-9.
Yellanthoor RB, Shah VKB. Prevalence of Malnutrition Among Under-Five Year Old Children With Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Hospitalized at Udupi District Hospital. Arch Pediatr Infect Dis. 2014;2(2):203-6.
Cesar JA, Victora CG, Barros FC. Impact of breast feeding on admission for pneumonia during postneonatal period in Brazil: nested case-control study. BMJ. 1999;318:1316-20.
Keskinoglu P, Cimrin D, Aksakoglua G. The Impact of Passive Smoking on the Development of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in Children. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2007;53(5):319-24.
Lux AL, Henderson SJ, Poccock SJ. Wheeze associated with prenatal tobacco smoke exposure: a prospective, longitudinal study. ALSPAC Study Team. Arch Dis Child. 2000;83:307-12.
Smith KR, Samet JM, Romieu I, Bruce N. Indoor air pollution in developing countries and acute lower respiratory infections in children. Thorax. 2000;55:518-32.
Mishra V, Retherford RD. Cooking smoke increases the risk of acute respiratory infections in children. National Family Health Survey Bulletin #8. International Institute for Population Sciences. 1997.
Smith KR, Bruce N, Balakrishnan K. HAP CRA Risk Expert Group. Millions dead: how do we know and what does it mean? Methods used in the comparative risk assessment of household air pollution. Annu Rev Public Health. 2014;35:185-206.
Nath DC, Bhattacharjee A, Patowari B. Importance of mother’s education in vaccine coverage. International Journal of Humanities, Arts, Medicine and Sciences. 2014;2(8):35-44.
Vikram K. Linkages between Maternal Education and Childhood Immunization in India. Soc Sci Med. 2012;75(2):331-9.
Walke SP, Das R, Acharya AS, Pemde HK. Incidence, Pattern, and Severity of Acute Respiratory Infections among Infants and Toddlers of a Peri-Urban Area of Delhi: A 12-Month Prospective Study. Int Scholarly Res Notices. 2014;165152.
